The essence of the Incredible Hulk and Dr. David Banner

Case Study: One (1) I have chosen as my focus selection in the case study the character of Dr. David Banner. He is a slightly altered version of the comic book character Bruce Banner. Dr. David Banner was the television version played by Bill Bixby in the late 70’s and into the early 1980’s who morphs into the Hulk (played by legendary bodybuilder Lou Ferrigno). I chose this character because I can really delve into the character from a humanistic point of view. In other words, I can illustrate David’s humanity and how it transcends into the creature that he becomes. I also know a great deal about this character from following the series from the beginning. It is now 30 years later, and I still see this character as the embodiment of humanism.
Dr. David Banner: sex: M
age: 44
ethnicity: Caucasian
Marital status: Married twice with both wives being deceased (his first
dying in a car accident and his second of a terminal illness.
The former will be discussed in detail as it is intricate to the case history and how it originated and developed as it has. It also seems as if this event was the pivotal moment some of us have in our lives that drastically change the course of our existence. Dr. Banner and his wife were traveling on a country road around the Sacramento, CA area in their car. Then, suddenly while David was driving there was a blowout of their front tire and he lost control of the vehicle and the car slid off an embankment and turned over. David was thrown from the car. His wife was unconscious. David tried to get his door open but was unable to because of the dents from the crash.
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The car was now on fire from under the hood and would soon explode when the gas tank ignited. He could not open her door to free her because the car was tilted and situated as such, where the door could not open. He also tried kicking the window open, but was unable to. He tried frantically to lift the car enough so that he could open her door, but was also unable to do so, which was when the car exploded with his wife inside of it. Obviously, this was very traumatic and he had nightmares and had not been able to come to grips with the ordeal for nearly a year. This is what initially led Dr. Banner to research the superhuman strength that all human beings are capable of during extreme situations and levels of distress. He found 78 cases similar to his from other people and got their whole story, which ended ultimately with the person performing abnormal levels of human strength in order to save someone (almost always someone very close to them thus, correlating the emotional triggers in the brain). This left Dr. Banner with even more guilt and distress because these other individuals, some of whom consisted of small women, adolescents and older men who were able to save their people and he was not. The circumstances of all these cases were basically the same as his ordeal, so he was obsessed with the question, ”why were they able to find the strength and I was not?”. After much trial end error consisting of cell and DNA analysis, he and his research assistant Dr. Elaine Marks found that there was an abnormal concentration of the adenine/thymine combination. After having Dr. Banner’s own DNA tested he also showed that he had the abnormal concentration of the adenine/thymine combination. Thus, this still did not explain why Dr. Banner was unable to perform the feats of strength the other cases had.
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Finally they deduced that there was something external operating that caused the
phenomena. After additional trial and error, Dr. Banner hit on something that was common to all of the other 78 cases, however was missing in his. In all of the other individuals who were able to perform these extraordinary feats of strength, there was a correlation of strong gamma ray activity during such events. However, during David’s case there was a very low level of gamma activity, thus explaining why he was the exception in these cases of not being able to perform the superhuman strength. This breakthrough and discovery would inadvertently change Dr. Banner’s live considerably. He was so exited upon the discovery that he called his assistant Dr. Marks to explain, but she did not answer. David was so determined to test the now seemingly perfect theory, that he entered the radiology lab and conducted his own experiment. It should be noted that this discovery took place late at night and no one was in the radiation laboratory, although Dr. Banner certainly had access to it.
Dr. Banner set up the machine and dialed in the settings (300,000 units of gamma radiation for 15 seconds). This is not dangerous, but would be enough to prove his theory correct if it worked; and so it was done. However, one of the radiologists had been calibrating the equipment throughout the entire research facility recently, and this machine was one of them. It was not marked as such, simply because he was going to do it the next day and did anticipate anyone using the equipment at this hour. 300,000 units (the amount Dr. Banner thought he was administering) was the previous max on the machine, however, after calibration it translated to 2 million units. Now for the sake of argument, this would be a lethal dose even for 15 seconds in reality inducing tumors,
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cancers, thermal burns ect., however we are dealing with a fictional character here, so suspension of disbelief is required to some extent. Further investigation of the neuropsychological effects will be concentrated on in the next installment.
Moving on, after the radiation experiment was over, David tried lifting a very heavy object that he would normally not be able to. He was still unable to, which led him to great frustration and anger because he theory now seemed weak. Upon leaving the lab for the night, he discovered it was down pouring and began to drive home. He hit an object in the road and got a flat tire. While changing it, he sliced his hand with the tire iron. What happened next, was a startling metamorphoses as a result of the gamma exposure. Now that his DNA had been permanently altered, his fight or flight response triggers the change. After full metamorphoses, he grew to 7 feet and well over 300 pounds, his skin turned green and his strength was extremely magnified. He crushed his automobile by pounding it with his fists and then picked it up and threw it off the side of the road.
From this point on in his life, Dr. David Banner transforms into this creature. However, even though he becomes the creature primarily through anger, the creature is still very much a part of David, and thus because David’s humanity exists in the creature, it will not kill or permanently hurt anyone. This is where the humanistic model of psychology is exhibited within this character.
The five postulates of Humanistic Psychology by Bugental (1964) are all applicable to the creature in addition to Dr. Banner. More concentration will be placed on the creature side of Dr. Banner from this point since Dr. Banner’s history has been well established and we know that he is kind, gentle and compassionate; all of the necessary prerequisites for a
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great doctor in the author‘s opinion. The first postulate, “Human beings cannot be reduced to components”, is what illustrates the enormity of the creature’s existence. The creature, if looked at in components, would be huge, raging and extremely powerful. Although this is true, looking at the creature from a holistic point of view we see that it is compassionate, understanding and uses judgment according to other people’s actions. The creature still has David’s consciousness, which transcends all including DNA composition/alteration, cognition and higher intellectual functioning. In other words, if we look at human beings as components put together in order to function, like a mechanic looking or working on parts of an automobile, it is impossible to see the entire essence of the human. If a mechanic works on the engine and completely overhauls it to where it runs perfectly , there are still hundreds of other parts that may be lacking (dents/holes in the body, exhaust system rusted out, upholstery ripped up, steering column off axis ect.). If we were to view a picture of only the engine we might say, “Wow that’s incredible!) without knowing that the rest of the vehicle is in very bad shape. On the other hand we may look at the entire car with all of its faults, but not look under the hood at the heart of the vehicle and see that it is perfect. What the author is saying is that in order to get a true and clear picture of anything (especially a human being) we have to look at it as a whole rather than concentrate on little parts at a time. By doing this, we see that the creature is good an that he uses his power and strength to heal and help rather than destroy and hurt. The second postulate, “human beings have in them a uniquely human context” is also evident in the creature. It is obvious that the creature is unique, but the not so obvious is that the creature is able to sense and see the individual differences of the people he
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encounters. He does not see them as all the same. However, those humans that the creature encounters almost always run away screaming and yelling, or they try to hurt the creature. The latter is the opposite of what humanism is. These individuals see the creature as something different and they all treat it the same; with derision, fear and hostility. The third postulate, “human consciousness includes an awareness of oneself in the context of other people” further elaborates on the authors point for the second postulate in regards to the creature. The creature has a conscious. It is not a mindless raving killing machine. Consciousness transcends all as mentioned earlier, and David’s consciousness still resides within the creature. Thus, the creature is not out for its own survival, but makes the survival of those who are not as strong and powerful more bearable. The creature uses his strength to make others stronger instead of beating them down or making them feel victimized. The fourth postulate, “human beings have choices and with that responsibilities” is evident in how the creature chooses to deal with the situations he is given. The creature could easily kill or very seriously injure anyone it chooses, however, because of its sense of awareness, the creature knows that it could be held accountable for his actions and therefore, chooses to only inflict as much damage as necessary, while still maintaining the lives of those who have wronged him. Because of the creature’s awareness and consciousness, he knows that his power and strength are not as powerful as the consequences of those actions. Therefore, the essence of David Banner’s nature remains within the creature, where choices still exist. The fifth and final postulate, “human beings are intentional, they seek meaning, value and creativity“, is what leads the creature to explore things that it does not understand. Many times, the
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creature will come upon things or people that seem odd to him, and will stop and try to figure out what they are. For example, the creature was walking along the beach early in the morning and saw a little girl building a sandcastle. He saw that she was building it and wanted to reach out and help her. Not knowing how sand was composed, he ruined what she had built unintentionally and she was upset with him and scolded him. It should also be noted that the little girl did not run screaming or yelling as he approached her, but was rather curious since she had never seen something like this before. This brief interaction is a good example of the final postulate. On another occasion, the creature was running from capture and came upon a little boy who was crying because he lost his mother in a parking lot. The creature noticing this, stopped running and the boy approached the creature with his hands extended. The creature took his hand and tried to understand what was wrong. The point is that the creature knew that the child was hurting in some way and tried to understand why, purely on instinct.
It should be noted that in reality, the actors who portrayed Dr. Banner and The Incredible Hulk were going through some very humanistic ordeals in their life at the time during filming. Bill Bixby’s son had died of a rare infection and his wife had committed suicide shortly thereafter. Lou Ferrigno was going through real anger issues and still trying to come to grips with his 75% hearing loss from childhood. Perhaps, it was these things that were occurring with these real human beings, is what made the show and the characters so humanistic. In many ways, they were not acting but merely filtering what was actually occurring in their lives into the characters that they played. In any event, humanistic theology is exemplified in the character of both Dr. David Banner and The Incredible
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Hulk that he transforms into. David has experienced death, loneliness and despair, yet still continues to seek out a cure for what has occurred to him. He travels alone, but using his medical expertise and knowledge to help and assist all those who he comes into contact with. It is also safe to say that all of the people David has come into close contact with during his travels will remember him for the rest of their lives and he will remember them. This is the embodiment of humanism; have a positive effect (or at least try to) on all of the individuals one comes into contact with throughout one’s lifetime and do this one individual at a time. Achieving this is likely to be impossible, however it is the mindset and pursuit of this ideology that is what makes the difference. If every person on this planet were to do this and take this to heart in their existence, it is likely that war, famine, racism, sexism, ageism, murder, rape, violent crime and disease would decrease significantly or perhaps be eliminated altogether. Dr. David Banner took a very bad mistake and used its power to help others. There were many times that Dr. Banner came very close to finding a cure to rid him of the creature, but he sacrificed this in order to save others by using the creatures strength. In other words, he helped others in a way that he would normally not be able to, but he also helped them in ways that he was very familiar with. He did not only think of himself, but it was only because of his strong self-awareness that he was able to think of others in such a strong way. This is what humanism is all about and Dr. David Banner’s duality is an example of how to bring contrasting aspects of ourselves into a harmonious union to affect positive energy on those around us and in those around the world; like a ripple in a still pond.
As far as treatment and interventions, humanistic therapy will not be effective in this
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extreme case. Psycho-physiological methods and theories will be presented in the next case and treatment will be focused more squarely.






Case Study Two (1)
In the first installment of this case study, a humanistic point of view was taken in regards to Dr. Banner’s problem. However, in this installment neuro-psychiatric approaches will be the primary focus, and since Dr. David Banner’s issue is incredibly unorthodox and originated physiologically, the author believes the only method of approach in terms of treatment and finding a cure that will work is the psycho-physiological method. To review the case history and character background:
He is a slightly altered version of the comic book character Bruce Banner. Dr. David Banner was the television version played by Bill Bixby in the late 70’s and into the early 1980’s who morphs into the Hulk (played by legendary bodybuilder Lou Ferrigno). The author chose this character because I can really delve into the character and how it would be treated from a psycho physiological perspective. In other words, DNA analysis, radiation therapy, radiology and radiation in general will be covered; more specifically gamma radiation. I know a great deal about this character from following the series from the beginning. It is now 30 years later, and I still see this character as the embodiment of a different way of looking at, illustrating and applying the psycho-physiological model.
Dr. David Banner: sex: M
age: 44
ethnicity: Caucasian
Marital status: Married twice with both wives being deceased (his first
dying in a car accident and his second of a terminal illness).
The former will be discussed in detail as it is intricate to the case history and how it originated and developed as it has. It also seems as if this event was the pivotal moment
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some of us have in our lives that drastically change the course of our existence. Dr.
Banner and his wife were traveling on a country road around the Sacramento, CA area in their car. Then, suddenly while David was driving there was a blowout of their front tire and he lost control of the vehicle and the car slid off an embankment and turned over. David was thrown from the car. His wife was unconscious. David tried to get his door open but was unable to because of the dents from the crash. The car was now on fire from under the hood and would soon explode when the gas tank ignited. He could not open her door to free her because the car was tilted and situated as such, where the door could not open. He also tried kicking the window open, but was unable to. He tried frantically to lift the car enough so that he could open her door, but was also unable to do so, which was when the car exploded with his wife inside of it. Obviously, this was very traumatic and he had nightmares and had not been able to come to grips with the ordeal for nearly a year. This is what initially led Dr. Banner to research the superhuman strength that all human beings are capable of during extreme situations and levels of distress. He found 78 cases similar to his from other people and got their whole story, which ended ultimately with the person performing abnormal levels of human strength in order to save someone (almost always someone very close to them thus, correlating the emotional triggers in the brain). This left Dr. Banner with even more guilt and distress because these other individuals, some of whom consisted of small women, adolescents and older men who were able to save their people and he was not. The circumstances of all these cases were basically the same as his ordeal, so he was obsessed with the question, ”why were they able to find the strength and I was not?”.
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After much trial end error consisting of cell and DNA analysis, he and his research
assistant Dr. Elaine Marks found that there was an abnormal concentration of the adenine/thymine combination. After having Dr. Banner’s own DNA tested he also showed that he had the abnormal concentration of the adenine/thymine combination. Thus, this still did not explain why Dr. Banner was unable to perform the feats of strength the other cases had. Finally they deduced that there was something external operating that caused the phenomena. After additional trial and error, Dr. Banner hit on something that was common to all of the other 78 cases, however was missing in his. In all of the other individuals who were able to perform these extraordinary feats of strength, there was a correlation of strong gamma ray activity during such events. However, during David’s case there was a very low level of gamma activity, thus explaining why he was the exception in these cases of not being able to perform the superhuman strength. This breakthrough and discovery would inadvertently change Dr. Banner’s live considerably. He was so exited upon the discovery that he called his assistant Dr. Marks to explain, but she did not answer. David was so determined to test the now seemingly perfect theory, that he entered the radiology lab and conducted his own experiment. It should be noted that this discovery took place late at night and no one was in the radiation laboratory, although Dr. Banner certainly had access to it. Dr. Banner set up the machine and dialed in the settings (300,000 units of gamma radiation for 15 seconds). This is not dangerous, but would be enough to prove his theory correct if it worked; and so it was done. However, one of the radiologists had been calibrating the equipment throughout the entire research facility recently, and this machine was one of them. It was not marked as such,
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simply because he was going to do it the next day and did not anticipate anyone using the
equipment at this hour. 300,000 units (the amount Dr. Banner thought he was administering) was the previous max on the machine, however, after calibration it translated to 2 million units. Now for the sake of argument, this would be a lethal dose even for 15 seconds in reality inducing tumors, cancers, thermal burns ect., however we are dealing with a fictional character here, so suspension of disbelief is required to some extent. Further investigation of the neuropsychological effects will be touched upon shortly.
Moving on, after the radiation experiment was over, David tried lifting a very heavy object that he would normally not be able to. He was still unable to, which led him to great frustration and anger because his theory now seemed weak. Upon leaving the lab for the night, he discovered it was down pouring and began to drive home. He hit an object in the road and got a flat tire; while changing it, he slammed his hand into the asphalt. This triggered a very angry and frustrated response and what happened next, was a startling metamorphoses as a result of the gamma exposure. Now that his DNA had been permanently altered, his fight or flight response triggers the change. After full metamorphoses, he grew to 7 feet and well over 300 pounds, his skin turned green and his strength was extremely magnified. He crushed his automobile by pounding it with his fists and then picked it up and threw it off the side of the road. Dr. Banner lost consciousness at this point and when he regained consciousness, it was morning and he was in the woods looking into a small pond. This was the first of many transformations for Dr. Banner, but the triggers and results of the metamorphosis have always been the
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same. To understand what actually happens physiologically to Dr. Banner before, during and after metamorphosis, is to understand how to treat him and try and get him back to normal. First of all, the brain region that all human beings possess that regulate and responds to fear, anger, pain, frustration and any primal emotional reaction to a situation is the amygdala. This would be the best place to start regarding Dr. Banner’s primal emotional states before he becomes the creature, before we venture off into his DNA composition as a result of the overdose of gamma radiation. The amygdala triggers Dr. Banner’s physiological and psychological responses to specific stressors such as being beaten up, confined against his will, electrocution, nightmares, prevented from helping someone desperately in need, animal attacks and any other such occurrences. His physiological and psychological arousal at these particular times is completely normal because of the rage center that is the amygdala. However, there must be a correlation and connection with his DNA composition (now altered which we will address shortly) and the chemical reaction that occurs from the time that Dr. Banner’s amygdala goes into high gear, which results in the release of epinephrine, norepinephrine and cortisol. These chemicals are released into his bloodstream and supply oxygen, amino acids and glucose to the brain and muscles, which may explain the characteristics of the metamorphosis. It is the authors hypothesis that the overdose of gamma radiation has altered his DNA to the point where protein synthesis during amygdala arousal, among other things has been magnified by an astronomical amount. With all of this in mind, we should now take a look at what actually may have occurred physiologically during Dr. Banner’s gamma radiation experiment gone awry.
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Keeping in mind that this is a fictional character is important, however theoretically, a case could be made that the overdose of gamma radiation altered Dr. Banner’s body chemistry and thus brought him to his current situation. Why would Dr. Banner subject himself to gamma radiation therapy? Although the passage of ionizing radiation through the human body can cause significant damage (which we will see shortly), with the right dosage and exposure, it can be used for treating cancer among other things. The dosimetry was altered when the tech recalibrated the machine as alluded to earlier. Going very deeply into radiology is quite complex and does not serve our purposes here. However a brief description of how radiation damage affects and alters DNA is what our focus will be in regards to Dr. Banner’s case. Since gamma rays have the shortest wavelength in the electromagnetic spectrum, they have the highest penetrating qualities and frequency and energy. In other words, gamma radiation is the most powerful and can most easily alter DNA composition. Thus, shielding for gamma radiation must consist of the highest atomic number and highest density materials such as lead and/or concrete. Dr. Banner did not use any shielding when he performed his experiment and would not have to if the calibration was what he thought it was and for the duration of exposure. However, because of the 2,000,000 million units he was exposed to, his DNA did not stand a chance. Now, theoretically, Dr. Banner’s cells could have repaired the damage caused by the sudden high level exposure to gamma. “Rothkamm and Lobrich have shown that the cell repairing process works well after short term high-dose exposure but is much slower in the case of a low-dose prolonged exposure” (Rothkamm, 2003). This could explain Dr. Banner’s failing to develop cancer or experiencing any symptoms of
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radiation sickness. Nonetheless, such a high dose of gamma caused his DNA to be altered. In addition, “ a small fraction of damage induced by gamma rays is not repaired in cells derived from individuals, which suggests that ionizing radiation induces some bulky damage (e.g. purine dimers) that cannot be removed by the base-excision repair pathway” (Randall, 1992). Again, this could explain Dr. Banners lack of radiation sickness and thermal burns. Specifically speaking, what causes DNA to mutate due to gamma exposure is that when a gamma photon moves through the living tissue of a human, it may rebound from an electron and give it a very high level of kinetic energy. Subsequently, this will result in ions and free radicals being released and break molecular bonds or they may form new stronger bonds. Most times these new stronger bonds are useless or even harmful to a cell, however in rare cases such as Dr. Banners, the defective genetic information is transmitted to its daughter cell and the mutation is an improvement. When the author says improvement, he is refering to Dr. Banner’s extremely quick regenerative qualities to injury and increase in strength and muscle mass. Thus far, the author has described how and why the phenomenon began and what occurs physiologically in regards to the genetic alteration of his body chemistry related to the gamma ray exposure. Now details, will be given as to how the muscle mass and strength increases so dramatically; or at least an applicable hypothesis. Going back to the amygdala and its anixiogenic properties, the author will now discuss how this relates to the production of gamma-amino butyric acid and its subsequent effect on muscle growth and strength. GABA is produced in Dr. Banner’s amygdala along with the hypothalamus by way of the amino acid glutamate.
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GABA is a neruotransmitter that “has been shown in numerous studies to promote significant increases in plasma growth hormone levels” (Koulu, 1980). It is the author’s hypothesis that gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a strong contributing factor as a trigger to Dr. Banner’s transformation. Inside the amygdala are many neurons that use the neurotransmitter gamma aminobuttyric acid (produced in the CNS) and promote muscle growth among other things. Dr. Banner is likely to have a normal functioning level of GABA, however, when outraged this neurotransmitter is kicked into overdrive when adrenaline, cortisol, oxygen, amino acids and glucose are flooded into his bloodstream. Thus his cells, which now contain his altered DNA are able to absorb an inordinate amount of these chemicals and thus results in the abnormally rapid and extreme muscle growth and strength. “There have been literally hundreds of clinical studies on GABA and numerous studies on GABA’s ability to elevate growth hormone levels. As with most nutritional studies, GABA research has come directly from the medical community. One noted study from the First Medical Clinic at the University of Milan in Milan, Italy titled, “Effect of acute and repeated administration of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in man”, shows just how effective GABA is“ (Lazza, 1980.) For the sake of length however, David’s bone growth relating to cell biology and his DNA will not be discussed in order to keep the focus of the paper within reason. David’s skin turning green will also not be covered since the author wants to focus on radiation, DNA mutation and its relation to his transformation as a result of his anger. Finally, David’s interpersonal functioning is affected by this in that he tries to avoid trouble, conflict and frustration whenever and wherever he can. It should be noted
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that Dr. Banner’s transformations are triggered by severe conditions. In other words he will not transform by stubbing his toe, but would by having his toe crushed or cut off. He would not transform being stuck in a traffic jam, but would if that traffic jam was causing someone to die because they could not get to a hospital. Dr. Banner’s interpersonal functioning has not really been affected, except for the fact that he must move on to different parts of the country when the creature is brought out and cited in order to avoid the authorities. But, his actual interaction with others remains the same; calm, loving, caring and good. It should be noted that there has been an instance where David encountered another individual with the same exact problem. However, that individual had a very violent disposition and temperament, and so when he becomes the creature, the creature kills and has no control whatsoever for who it hurts. Since this is such a rare case, the author could only say at this point that radiation treatment to reverse the process may be an option and/or a program of drug therapy such as Ambien or any Benzodiazapines may help. However, since the creature is good, and uses his power to help and heal, the author may have to say that the world may be a better place in the macro sense with the Hulk in it.






References:

Effects of some gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic drugs on the dopaminergic control of human growth hormone secretion. Koulu M, Lammintausta R, Dahlstrom S J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51 (1): 124-129 (Jul 1980)

Effect of acute and repeated administration of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in man. Cavagnini F, Invitti C, Pinto M, Maraschini C, Di Landro A, Dubini A, Marelli A Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 93 (2): 149-154 (Feb 1980)

"A single oral dose of 5 g gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) was given to 19 subjects and serial venous blood samples were obtained before and 3 h after drug administration. A placebo was administered to 18 subjects who served as controls. GABA caused a significant elevation of plasma growth hormone levels (P less than 0.001), but did not consistently alter plasma prolactin concentration since only 5 out of 15 subjects showed an increase of the hormone. Eight additional subjects were submitted to an insulin tolerance test before and after per os administration of 18 g GABA daily for 4 days. Protracted GABA treatment significantly blunted the response of growth hormone and enhanced that of prolactin to insulin hypoglycaemia (P less than 0.01). These results indicate that pharmacological doses of GABA affect growth hormone and prolactin secretion in man. The precise nature of GABA's effects as well as its mechanism of action remains to be clarified."

Cavagnini F, Benetti G, Invitti C, Ramella G, Pinto M, Lazza M, Dubini A, Marelli A, Muller EE J. Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in man: influence of pimozide and domperidone. Clin Endocrinol Metab 51 (4): 789-792 (Oct 1980)

Randall K. et al. – The effect of whole-body gamma-irradiation on localized beta-irradiation-induced skin reactions in mice – International Journal of Radiation Biology, 1992; 62 (6): 729-733.

Rothkamm K. - Evidence for a lack of DNA double-strand break repair in human cells exposed to very low x-ray doses - Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA, 2003; 100 (9) : 5057-5062.

The Female Orgasm

The Female Orgasm 1

Abstract

The findings from the studies within are all from well respected and astute individuals and illustrate the importance of open communication and awarenes of one’s partner in any given social and/or sexual situation. The author thinks that Mestin, Levin, Sipski, Hull and Heiman’s study was the best in covering all areas of the female orgasm including physical cues to identify a true orgasm that is absent of ejaculation, female ejaculation itself, statistics and analysis of the data. Zaviacic’s revolutionary work revealed the new ways in which to identify false claims cases in rape from the real ones and Karama was influential in examining MRI’s in relation to brain activity in the female before, during and after orgasm.

In the context of intimate and long-term relationships, sexual compatibility and mutual pleasure is essential for long term happiness, thus knowledge of the female orgasm by her partner can make her more satisfied in this realm of the relationship.

The issue of satisfaction in marriages and other long-term intimate relationships, and its connection and relationship to sexual satisfaction is an important area of life to the author. The perspective of this paper will be the issue of the female orgasm itself, and how a good line of communication between partners is what can help to make orgasm more frequent in the female. Aside from the physiological aspects of the female orgasm, female sexual behavior will be covered and how knowledge of these non-verbal cues can help to facilitate open communication between partners. For example, approximately 32% of dating college females reported that they engaged in physical aggression against their male partners (Hettrich, O’Leary). It was also found in this study that the reasons for

The Female Orgasm 2

this aggression were poor communication and dissatisfaction in the relationship from the females point of view. Female violence against their male partners seems to be on the rise, and the author would like to see this decrease. Physical battery against women is wrong, and the converse should be taken just as seriously. Finally, a review of the literature pertaining to this subject will be discussed and reviewed by the author and will include the findings, correlations (or lack thereof) and how the research relates to the problem; the problem in this case being lack of satisfaction in intimate relationships, because of communication problems and the lack of orgasms the woman has. There can be a number of reasons for lack of communication in an intimate/sexual relationship. For our purposes here we will concentrate on issues of the couple in question being uneducated and unfamiliar with physiological sexual arousal and how it relates to a straight line of communication. One analogy the author likes to use is that of a dam or floodgates. When there is an obstruction of any kind, the water does not get through or is inhibited in some way. When the dam is torn down or the floodgates are open, the water comes flowing through in waves. The same holds true for communication between partners and the ability of the female to achieve orgasm(s). When there are doubs, concerns, fears, worries or distractions in the female, the “water” is held back; but when there is an open line of communication about the above issues and those issues have been dealt with openly, then the “water” has the freedom to run wild.

When the author deals with the specifics of the female orgasm later, the following statement will make more sense. Certainly a woman can achieve orgasm through electric or battery powered means (with or without a partner) without much inhibition

The Female Orgasm 3

physiologically and without much communication, but for a woman to have a true full body orgasm as opposed to a genital one, and to achieve a state of altered consciosness for the better in her orgasm, then the lines of trust and communication must be present. Lack of this trust and communication is what can lead to frustration, stagnation, infidelity and unfullfillment in the relationship. Perhaps, in order to get a handle on how to help a female achieve orgasms that reach the stratosphere, then knowledge of the actual orgasm(s) and how they are experienced by both partners is essential. Merriam-Webster defines orgasm as, “intense or paroxysmal excitement; especially : an explosion

of neuromuscular tensions at the height of sexual arousal that is usually accompanied by the ejaculation of semen in the male and by vaginal contractions in the female”. This is a very nice clinical definition, and in many ways it is correct; at least from a physiological point of view. There is more. Much more. A growing knowledge of the female orgasm has enabled their partners to use techniques that can enable females to ejaculate as well as men. The phenomenon of females ejaculating is still a controversial issue since its broad awareness in the scientific community in the late 1990’s.

The debate stems from questions as to whether female ejaculate is synonymous with men’s semen and thus be called true ejaculation. Given the fact that women are not physically equipped with sperm, the author would have to strongly disagree, though until further evidence proves or disproves this, no one still knows for sure. Furthermore, the act of ejaculation in females seems to stem from (or is related to) stimulation of the Grafenburg spot, the prostate gland (which gives the female right before spurting a feeling of having to urinate) and to a minor extent, the clitoris. Since ejaculate comes out

The Female Orgasm 4

of the urethra, the debate continues as to whether this ejaculate fluid in women is semen, urine or a combination of both; that is to say, “does the fluid originate in the bladder, urethral sponge or both? Female ejaculation ranges from mild dripping to intense gushing and the amount of ejaculate has been known to range from a tablespoon amount up to approximately a litre. It is important to note that female ejaculation does not necessarily occur every time in love making or sex play and it should never be the end goal. However, one can set up certain times in which partners get together to explore this phenomenon specifically so that frequency is increased.

In general, male orgasm has been viewed as more frequent through intercourse alone, though with increasing knowledge of female ejaculation, the assumptions seem to be starting to even out. As mentioned above, female ejaculation is most often associated and correlated with the Grafenberg spot and Skene’s paraurethral glands and ducts, in which the latter are now being recognized as the official female prostate. The case for this is made stronger by Milan Zaviacic who engaged in autopsy findings, biopsies and detailed histological examinations of the urethra of 150 women. However, the strongest evidence for Zaviacic’s studies occurred during the early 80’s in which he found the enzyme-histochemical finding of prostatic phosphates in female tissue. Probably the most interesting finding from Zaviacic’s studies (though a bit off topic here) is that in foresnsic medicine, prostatic acid phosphates activity can no longer be used to determine rape in cases containing no spermatozoa becaue the same activity can be found in female ejaculate and in in vivo produced spots on worn female underpants. Nevertheless, female ejaculationn is a new phenomenon to some cultures (namely North America) and is

The Female Orgasm 5

taking females and all aspects of human sexuality by storm. An in depth understanding of this issue by women, men and couples can enhance any relationship, since it brings both partners, or sole individual into better contact with themselves and each other. The concept of communication in helping to bring this intense experience into fruition is imperative. Understanding of the human female’s sexual behavior is not only a science, but an art and can eliminate many shortcomings when it comes to sexual satisfaction for individual women and for couples as well.

Being able to read a woman’s sexual non verbal communication has been one of the great

conundrums since the beginning of time. Eye contact, hair twirling and flipping,

adjustment of clothes, posture, personal space, touching (or lack thereof) are all indicators of the human female’s intentions in a prospective courtship as well as in long term relationships. However, it has been found that giving off these non verbal cues is often more than meets the eye. It is important to note that non verbal cues and communication is strongly dictated by culture, but for our purposes here we will consider non verbal cues of women in North America and how this geographical area correlates to their non verbal sexual behavior. Additionally, the following information applies more to prospective sexual partners or mates, but it still applies to understanding how a woman communicates and how a knowledge of this communication will facilitate more frequent and accessible orgasms. This understanding is also where many long term relationship start. Kinesthetically, women’s non verbal cues are more subtle and reserved than are men’s and women’s non verbal cues often have less to do with asserting position and more to do with actually communicating. However, women’s non verbal cues can be very misleading

The Female Orgasm 6

to men because they often have contradictory meanings. For example, a woman will smile even though she may not be interested in a prospective partner due to social conditioning of women to be more expressive of their emotions. The man will be led to think, “she is smiling so she is interested in me”. Then again, she may be smiling because she actually is interested in him. A paradox indeed. From a tactile point of view, women will use touch much less often than men as a show of interest or affection regardless of the actual level of interest the woman may have in a prospective male partner. Many men will see this as a lack of interest from the female. When women do initiate touch, it has

more to do with comfort or support rather than direct sexual interest, which can easily be misconstrued by the male as sexual interest. “When “women are not pleased in or out of the bedroom, they will minimize eye contact” says psychologist Lorel Lindstrom, Ph.D. With this in mind, men should keep in mind that steady eye contact from a female is a good indicator of interest, although not always sexually; but interest nonetheless.

Gender played a significant role in sexual-information processing. The finding that the male respondents perceived greater sexual intent than the female respondents in the female actor socially interacting with a man is consistent with the existing literature (Abbey, 1982; Abbey & Harnish, 1995; Abbey & Melby, 1986; Harnish, Abbey, & DeBonno, 1990; Johnson et al., 1991; Saal et al., 1989). Essentially what this means is that generally speaking, men are more likely than women to misconstrue a male-female relationship as sexual in nature when women do not. Interestingly enough, there are now some new research ideas that are explaining the resons why this is so, and perhaps knowledge of these reasons are what can help bring a reduction to these false

The Female Orgasm 7

assumptions. The theories proposed are evolutionary in nature. That is to say that the reason men over-sexualize any male/female relationship, is that from the dawn of time, men perceived that loss at a chance of reproduction was worse than rejection. Conversely, women tended to percieve that deception by men was more costly than a chance to reproduce. Of course this is only theoretical, but it does make some logical sence in the “survival of the fittest” mentality.

Getting back on topic as to the actual female orgasm, it would be prudent to do a review of the literature on the topic from some of the most respected specialists in this area.

First of all there is the question as to whether or not orgasms are universal; that is to say do they all feel the same way, last for as long, are consistent in intensity ect. Interestingly enough, there have been studies to determine this very question, specifically one conducted by Kenneth Mah. In it he and his associates used a two-dimensional descriptive model of the orgasm experience. Subsequently 888 university students, the majority of which were females (523) provided adjective ratings to describe what their orgasms felt like through sole masturbation, and sex with a partner. A cross-validation study was used. Clitoral vs. vaginal orgasm has garnered the most attention, but it has been noted that previous studies have concentrated on the female orgasm via genital and pelvic stimulation, and have generally ignored possible biopsychosocial influences (Levin, 1992; Mah & Binik, 2001). In other words regarding the latter, the physical health of the woman, the social atmosphere of the situation and psychological state all play a part in the perceived orgasm (or lack thereof). It has also been noted by Mah that assumptions in experience of orgasm between the sexes are very different. He has

The Female Orgasm 8

illustrated that there are certainly biological differences in the make up of the sex organs but there are far more similarities than differences in the actual state of any given orgasm.

For example, in a previous study by Vance and Wagner (1976) raters could not tell the difference in written accounts of male versus female orgasm experiences. The genral findings of the study were that the experience of orgasm with a partner as opposed to solitary masturbation was greater in satisfaction. The author hypothesizes that the reason for this is that there is the communication, exchange of energy and ideas that occurs between partners, that is impossible to achive through solitary masturbation.

A very interesting and wide scope study on the human female orgasm by Meston, Levin, Sipski, Hull, and Heiman provide ample work on which to draw information. Their definition of the female orgasm is “a variable, transient peak sensation of intense pleasure, creating an altered state of consciousness, usually with an initiation accompanied by involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the pelvic striated circumvaginal musculature, often with concomitant uterine and anal contractions, and myotonia that resolves the sexually induced vasocongestion (sometimes only partially) and myotonia, generally with an induction of well-being and contentment (2004). In 1973 the typologies of human female orgasm was introduced by Fisher. Typologies of male orgasm had not been explored at that time and the author is not aware if it is being explored today. Nevertheless, typologies were described by female subjects as different sensations and in different areas if the reproductive system. Clitoral based orgasms were described as “warm, ticklish, electric and sharp.” Vaginal orgasms were described as “throbbing, deep, soothing, and comfortable.“ Back in the mid sixties Masters and Johnson had claimed

The Female Orgasm 9

that all female orgasms were the same, similar or outright identical, and as pioneering their work was, the author thinks that they lacked the physiological technology at the time to make such claims. In other words, muscular contractions of different areas such as the anus, vagina, g-spot contractions, vulvar and uterine contractions were not easily detected at the time. Things are changing. Perhaps the major physiological difference in male/female orgasms (aside from multiple and extended orgasms achievable more easily by women) is that once stimulation is stopped in the male, he can maintain appropriate arousal in order to move forward towards orgasm. However, in the female, once

stimulation ceases, the road to orgasm reaches a dead end and stimulation must start all over again. In order to relate back to communication between partners and its correlation with the femal achieving orgasm, it is very important for males (or partners in general) to be able to identify nonverbal and physiological cues from the female to determine if orgasm was indeed induced. There are a great many things in relation to this that can give proof of orgasm. However for the sake of time and with the consideration that each woman is different and therefore may exhibit little, most or all of the physiological characteristics, only one proof positive sign that cannot be faked will be mentioned. Although physiological cues such as increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, uterine contractions, dilated pupils, perspiration and pelvic movement are certain signs of arousal, they are not necessarily always correlated to actual orgasm in the woman and can be misleading.

The first study of brain activation in women during sexual arousal used blood-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) during erotic or neutral

The Female Orgasm 10

visual stimuli (Karama et al., 2002). All six women reported moderate sexual arousal in response to the erotic film but not to the neutral film. Areas of greatest activation included the inferior temporal lobe, anterior cingulate gyrus, insular cortex, corpus callosum, thalamus, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and inferior frontal lobe. These areas are similar to those previously reported to be activated in men, although the men showed primarily unilateral activation (Stoleru et al., 1999). Certainly this technology can illustrate when a woman is having an orgasm, though it is quite unlikely that most couples have the apparatus set up in their home for each love making session and is

therefore imprudent. One of the sure signs of the female orgasm are located in the areola.

Basically what occurs to the areola during exitement is that blood flow is concentrated to this area causing it to swell, and has been known to swell enough to almost engulf the nipples. When orgasm occurs the areola corrugate and immediately proceed to flatten. This is a sure sign of a female having an orgasm and cannot be faked. This is a great way for a partner to identify orgasm in the female during penetration or other activity when he/she is not looking at the vaginal area where most of the signs of anal and vaginal contractions occur. In other words, when not performing cunnilingus and/or manual stimulation where visualization of the vagina and anus is apparent, the identification of areola swelling “provides a visual identification of the female orgasmic experience" (Masters & Johnson, 1966, p. 130).

References

Kenneth Mah, Yitzchak M Binik. The Journal of Sex Research. New York: May 2002.

Vol. 39, Iss. 2; p. 104.

- A two-dimensional descriptive study was done with college age students from 18-21.

They each described what their orgasms felt like in words, and the result was that the

descriptions were similar across the board.

Schultz, W C M, van de Wiel, H B M, Klatter, J A, Sturm, B E, Nauta, J. Archives of

Sexual Behavior. New York: Apr 1989. Vol. 18, Iss. 2; p. 87.

- The study of the sensitivity of the vagina in response to electric stimuli and how it is

related to coitus in inducing orgasm

.

Nicholas Pound, Martin Daly. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Cambridge: Aug 2000.

Vol. 23, Iss. 4; p. 620.

- The study of polygamy in relationships with female and male partners was studied.

Emma L Hettrich, K Daniel O'Leary. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. Beverly Hills:

Sep 2007. Vol. 22, Iss. 9; p. 1131.

- 32 percent of college females who date said that they have physically battered their male

counterparts; the primary reason being poor communication skills.

Catherine H Mercer, Julia V Bailey, Anne M Johnson, Bob Erens, et al. American Journal

of Public Health. Washington: Jun 2007. Vol. 97, Iss. 6; p. 1126.

- Findings concluded that exclusive female to female sex posed greater health risks than

women who exclusively have sex with men.

Elske Salemink, Jacques J. D. M. van Lankveld. Archives of Sexual Behavior. New

York: Apr 2006. Vol. 35, Iss. 2; p. 175.

- It was concluded that distraction of any kind perceived by the woman adversely affects

genital stimulation response.

Cindy M Meston, Roy J Levin, Marca L Sipski, Elaine M Hull, Julia R Heiman. Annual

Review of Sex Research. Mount Vernon: 2004. Vol. 15; p. 173.

- Studies of female orgasm including ejaculation, brain imaging and function, cognitive- behavioral approaches and musculature of the genitals are all thoroughly examined.

Kimberley A. Payne, Yitzchak M. Binik. Archives of Sexual Behavior. New York: Apr

2006. Vol. 35, Iss. 2; p. 111.

- The labial thermistor clip was attached to 10 volunteers while watching 10 minutes of a nature film and 10 minutes of an erotic film. The temperature registered significantly higher in 9 out of ten participants watching the erotic adult film as opposed to the control film.

Jennifer Benjamin. Cosmopolitan. New York: Jul 2007. Vol. 243, Iss.1; pg. 110.

- Literature was reviewed as to the importance of not being distracted in order to achieve orgasm.

Debby Herbenick. Men's Health. Emmaus: Dec 2006. Vol. 21, Iss. 10; pg. 65, 1 pgs

- Issues of sexual technique are discussed in how to please a woman.

The Internal/External Universe of Aikido

Abstract:

Aikido is a martial art whose predominant philosophy is focusing on the center of oneself and how this relates to the universe outside of ourselves. It also focuses on conflict resolution and how to protect one’s opponent as well as oneself. This certainly applies to social psychology and how we apply the teachings of aikido in the world we live in.

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The interaction that the author of this paper is primarily involved with on a daily basis is that of his internal existence in relation to that of the external universe. If there was to be one point in his life that triggered his awareness of this relationship, it would be his venture into the study of aikido and its subsequent teachings. The secret of aikido is to make yourself become one with the universe and to go along with its natural movements. One who has attained this secret holds the universe in himself and can say, “I am the universe.” (Ueshiba) Ueshiba and Kisshomaru state that “the word “universe” is usually thought of as some overwhelmingly grand concept, but in actuality it is very concrete and centered within one’s own body.”(2002) With this training, the author strives to understand the principles of ki through actual experience and employ various techniques to make those principles part of our everyday consciousness.

A very important aspect of the author’s training with regards to self and the universe is the idea of circular motion. Every circle has a center, and it is this center that is the focal point of existence. Circular movements allow us to avoid collision with an opposing force, and facilitate harmonization. In order to create a true circle, there must be a firm center. An example of this concept is that of a spinning top. A top revolves around a stable center, yet hardly appears to move at all. If you touch the top slightly however, it will immediately fly off with a burst of centrifugal force, and its latent power becomes evident. The concept of the top is a perfect example of stillness within movement or sumikiri.

One very effective method of keeping the author’s center, he has found is breathing from the seika tanden. The seika tanden is the psychophysical point about two inches below the navel. The author has found that it is essential to remind himself that the ki that

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animates his own body is the same ki that animates the entire universe. As a result, all of the circular movements of aikido are never contrary to principles of nature. Control the breath and unite the self with the natural rhythm of the universe.

The earth was born from the universe and those who flourish in that life-giving environment can directly become one with nature. They never oppose natural law, and never try to control things through force. Such people manifest a natural matter-of-fact equanimity. Such an attitude, based on deep experience, can be a great plus in a variety of social settings. If the author trains in a natural and fulfilling manner, with equanimity and a solid center, a tremendous amount of ki energy will be generated.

This will be of great benefit to oneself and society. To achieve this state of being is a much greater accomplishment and of greater value than attaining victory in some contest.

With aikido human beings at large can transcend the distinction between mind and body and relate this to the remainder of the universe. Ki power that emerges naturally and directly enables human beings to experience the joy, power, freedom and flexibility of existence on a daily basis. Living vibrantly with true vigor, we can meet any challenge and accommodate ourselves to any contingency. The practice of aikido can make this all possible and this emphasis on harmonization and accommodation accounts for its followers around the world.

On a personal note, the author has seen many transformations in the dojo with students who did not have balance or a strong center, and go on to become incredible men and women as a result of their training in aikido. When training with a partner, the ki of both (or in some cases multiple opponents) is transferred and the individual with the greater ki

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and pure emptiness will be able to subdue, while at the same time protecting both the opponent and himself simultaneously. The writer mentions this because in the dojo training follows certain rules. On the street however, anything can happen, making it difficult for us to retain our equanimity. It is rather easy to maintain equanimity in ideal circumstances, such as a classroom, dojo or any other protected and sheltered environment; one of the goals of aikido is to teach us how to maintain this equanimity regardless of a given situation no matter how harrowing or difficult.

This is perhaps where the study aikido best applies to the realities of the external existence of humankind. In addition to the training of aikido, meditation is perhaps one of the most significant pathways that the author has found in bringing peace to himself and the rest of society at large. Research has shown that Western awareness of this phenomena has only occurred in the past 35 years or so; since then however, there have been great strides in knowing more. As far as self-efficacy is concerned with relation my the writer’s practice in aikido, he has reached a point in his life where visualization has been mastered, and because of this visualization, his self-efficacy has been focused and accurate every time a production of any sort arises. The visualization may be seconds in response to an initial occurrence such as a mugger threatening his life (which has occurred), or it may be strategically modeled as in a chess match (relate the chess match to life situations). On any note, the author’s self-efficacy is well intact.

References

Orme-Johnson, D.W.& Haynes, C.T.(1981). EEG phase coherence, pure consciousness, creativity and TM-Sidhi experiences. International Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 211-217.

Ueshiba, K. & Ueshiba, M. (2002). Kihan Aikido: Kihon-hen. New York: Kodansha.

Execution

Execution in America has been a controversial subject of debate in recent decades. However, execution and torture itself goes back thousands of years and was turned into what those at the time considered an art form, in the middle ages. It is important for me to illustrate some of the methods of torture and execution throughout history for one to have a grasp of the current debate as to whether or not execution is an ethical practice in today’s society. This writing does not intend to prove pro or con as a just finality since such a proclamation would be futile. Instead, I will bring to light the stark realities of what human beings are capable of and what can possibly be considered social norms or deviancy based on chronological, sociological, ethical and moral situations.

I will go into detail of only a few of the methods of torture used throughout certain periods of history for the sake of the length constraints of this paper, though such illustrations will be more than adequate in leading up to the current ethical considerations on the subject of execution and torture.

The practice of torture and execution goes back to ancient times, though the documented specifics of such events date back to the middle ages, and the frequency and prevalence of these occurrences were also at their peak during this time.

In addition, these tortures and subsequent executions were often witnessed by a great deal of spectators as a form of entertainment; refreshments would be served and parties held in the protagonists honor.

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Two specific cases are as follows: Widely applied in the armed forces, and initiated by the Spanish and utilized up to and including the last century, The Spanish Donkey was the means by which traitors, deserters and insubordinates were dealt with. The torture consisted of seating the victim, hands tied behind the back, astride a wall, the top of which resembled an inverted ‘V’. Weights were then attached to the ankles, these being slowly increased until the victim’s body split in two. This type of device also existed in the British army, though , instead of a cumbersome wall, the appliance was made by nailing suitably shaped wooden planks together in the shape of a horse, its backbone forming a sharp ridge about eight or nine feet long, thereby allowing more than one victim to be punished at a time.

Due to the risk of death, even when prescribed only as a minor punishment, It was realized that, unlike floggings and similar corrective measures, which healed fairly rapidly, the donkey could incapacitate a soldier and make him permanently unfit for army duties, and so the practice was eventually discontinued.

Naval captains of most nations, even as recently as the nineteenth century, had absolute authority over their crews and took whatever measures they saw fit in order to maintain discipline. Serious crimes such as incitement of mutiny, striking an officer and the like, warranted the death sentence. One method of administering this verdict was something called keel-hauling. In 1710 an English Sailor, guilty of blasphemy was stripped of all his clothes except for a strip of cloth around his loins. He was suspended by blocks and pulleys, and these were fastened to the opposite extremities of the yard-arm and a weight

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was hung upon his legs to sink him to a competent depth.

By this apparatus he was drawn up close to the yard-arm, then let fall into the sea where, by hauling on the pulleys of the other end of the yard, he was passed under the ship’s bottom and after some little time, was hoisted up on the other side of the ship; this after sufficient intervals of breathing, was repeated two or three times.

It should be remembered that the height of the old sailing ships was considerable, the fall in itself resulting in possible injury being sustained on hitting the surface of the sea; then to be half drowned, dragged across the hull, which was invariably encrusted with barnacles, limpets, mollusks and other marine creatures, their shells rasping flesh and muscle off ones bones, must have been an ordeal indeed.

Two other methods of torture and execution that are certainly more recent are The Electric Chair and Lethal Injection. The chair was first used on William Kemmler in 1890 in Auburn, New York and injection introduced in the 1970’s. The latter many consider to be the most humane way of putting someone to death in history. However, this may not be true in all cases, especially if the chemical mixture is not perfect, which can result in a very agonizing end.

Lethal injection will be discussed in concentration here since this is the most controversial, recent and common method of execution in the United States in this day and age.

Jonathan Groner, an Ohio doctor of pediatric surgery in Columbus’ Children’s Hospital and associate professor at Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health states “ A humane execution in the ultimate paradox.” The reason for this paradox is that

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in order to execute people without “inflicting torture” states would have to employ licensed doctors to administer the chemical cocktail, but medical professionals are bound to an oath and ethics to do no harm, and are ethically unable to participate in executions. Groner more specifically calls this cycle the “executioner’s paradox.” Using Ohio State as a template, this writer can illustrate as done earlier , the specifics of the lethal injection procedure and protocol; it is as follows:

The prisoner is strapped to a stretcher and injected with anesthetic sodium pentothal. Without anesthesia the inmate would experience asphyxiation, a severe burning sensation, and cardiac arrest. Now unconscious, the prisoner is injected with pancuronium bromide, which paralyses muscles including the lungs and diaphragm. Pavulon is often used in immobilizing patients during surgical procedures.

The two drugs are followed by an injection of potassium chloride, which causes cardiac arrest; this would also produce tremendous pain to a conscious inmate.

A study published in 2005 by the English medical journal Lancet, authors found that on the basis of toxicology reports from six U.S. states 43% of prisoners had remained conscious after the dose of sedatives was administered. The Lancet concluded that “It would be a cruel way to die: awake, paralyzed, unable to move, to breath, while potassium burned through your veins.”

The question still looms however, with the eye for an eye society; and it is a very valid question. How would you feel if the same inmate receiving death by injection had murdered your wife, daughter ect. I suppose very good questions like this cannot be answered unless it has actually occurred to an individual. Is a life sentence in prison more

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of a punishment than death? Those on death row sometimes remain there for years before they walk through the valley of the shadow of death. Groner states that in regards to this current question, “All of Europe does not execute people. Our founding fathers conscious decision was that we wouldn’t be an eye for an eye society. I would also say that you can judge a society by is prisons. How we take care of society’s ill off reflects on a society at large; and there is nobody worse off than a death row inmate.”

This is a bit off point for our purposes here however. The true issue here lies with “the executioners”, who are essentially the licensed doctors who are actually giving the final death blow. Is it unethical for doctors to aid in the administration and execution of individuals? In my honest opinion, yes. Do I think that other methods of execution would not put doctors in the position as executioner? Yes. Do I think that lethal injection should be discarded in favor of other methods of execution that do not place doctors in the questionable ehical practice of execution? Yes. This intellectual venture was not about abolishing or not abolishing the death penalty, it was a matter of the ethics involved for the doctors who must take part in such events. I do not think that they should be involved in the process.

References

Sturm, D. (2006, October 12). Is lethal injection barbaric? Ohio revisits the ethics of execution. The Free Press. Retrieved April 12, 2007, from

http://www.freepress.org/departments/display/2/2006/2178

Abbot, G. (2005) Execution: The Guillotine, the Pendulum, the Thousand Cuts, the Spanish Donkey, and 66 Other Ways of Putting Someone to Death. New York New York: St. Martin’s Press.

Sexuality in Europe

Introduction

European sexuality has long been more open and accepted than in North America. In addition, North America is only now beginning to realize that borrowing European sexual attitudes is healthier in the fact that it can decrease sex crimes. I will illustrate these points given the proper channels. I will also go into greater depth in the areas of female orgasm, and how European females have more potent orgasms in general because their view of sexuality is one of freedom and health, as opposed to guilt and it being looked down upon. Erotic art museums will be tapped upon as well, illustrating how European nations are the leader in this area, and how sex is showcased for the beauty it holds, rather than sweeping it under the carpet.

Finally, I will present some opposing viewpoints to my research.

Abstract

I have elected to use much more than only two articles for my information regarding this topic; therefore I cannot adhere to only two sources, as it would be professionally irresponsible. I will cite my sources throughout the paper accordingly and will have a substantial reference page. Let us begin.

Below are a list of stats on rape per country between 1998-2000 which is recent enough to get a clear idea of what we are dealing with here; with the U.S. far surpassing all European nations.

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Rapes per country in ’98-00 are as follows:

United States

- 89,110 Spain - 5,664 Norway - 555 Netherlands - 1,648

United Kingdom - 8,593 France - 8,458 Finland - 579 Denmark - 497

Germany - 7,499 Poland - 2,399 Ireland - 218 Switzerland - 404

Bulgaria - 593 Hungary - 589 Estonia - 73 Belarus - 530

Lithuania - 183 Romania - 1,110 Czech Republic - 500

Russia - 6,978 Latvia - 104 Moldova - 200 Slovenia - 86

Italy - 2,336 Portugal - 385 Ukraine - 1,151 Slovakia - 129

Greece - 114

Per capita you ask? The U.S. is number 9 out of the top 65 countries. The U.S. is also far above any other European nation per capita.

(Seventh United Nations Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice Systems, covering the period 1998 - 2000 (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Centre for International Crime Prevention)

The question still remains as to why? Why do European nations have such a low rate of rape compared to the U.S.? My hypothesis is that because sexuality in Europe has always been open and regarded as beautiful, the need to commit violent repressed rage in a sexual way is less likely to occur. However, in contrast to the U.S. where sex is seen and perceived as “dirty”, “wrong” and immoral, the degree to which the repression manifests itself as anger grows stronger especially in men. In addition with regard to women, American women in general are more likely to be afraid to engage in a sexual relations with sexually aggressive men and/or women and thus will have a harder time achieving orgasm, than will a more freethinking European female. Of course I am referring to any sexual advance or activity that does not involve children, animals or humiliation or pain.

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“Eastern European females, specifically from Russia, Hungary and Bulgaria are the most sexually active in the world, by having sex 150 times per year.” (Durex 2003) Italian females are the most likely to achieve an orgasm every time they have sex according to the 2004 Durex survey. Also found in the 2004 Durex survey, Croatians, Hungarians and Italian females were the most sexually satisfied and thus did not need to fake orgasms. In the 2005 Durex survey, it should not be a suprise that again the European females top the list in sexual satisfaction, with Polish and Belgians coming in at 57% and 56% respectively.

The Swedes and Scandinavians top the list of who wanted more sex, thus illustrating the healthy drive European females have toward sex. Also in the 2005 Durex survey the overall winners as being the most sexual are Greek females with the Croats coming in second. The point is clear that European females enjoy sex and are more proficient at it than their American counterparts.

Erotic art is another facet of European sexual culture that has set the standards for the United States. I will not delve too far into the past regarding this, however I will look at the current phenomena. Sex museums or now better known as erotic art museums, became most popular in Europe in the 1960’s. Of course the most concentrated number of erotic art museums exist in Europe and only about a handful exist in the U.S. The list in Europe contains such places as: -The Mussee in Paris which opened in 1998

-De Wallen in Amsterdam’s Red Light District

-The Venus Temple also in Amsterdam’s Red Light District is the oldest operating sex museum upon opening in 1985.

- The Erotic Art Museum in Hamburg , Germany

- The Beate Uhse Erotic Museum in Berlin, which is the largest erotic museum in the

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world.

- The Museum Erotica in Copenhagen, Denmark

- The Museo de la Erotica in Barcelona, Spain

- The Erotic Art Museum in St. Petersburg Russia claims to have the remains of Raputin’s penis.

The first erotic art museum to open in the U.S. was in New York City called the Museum of Sex in 2002.

In Miami Beach the World Erotic Art Museum opened its doors in 2005. Surely children should not be exposed to this kind of art, since they do not have the emotional or intellectual insight to grasp what the work is offering, but they should be opened up to this as adolescents and shown how sex is beautiful and natural and not a sin, and indeed patrons of the Museums in Europe come from all walks of life, including adolescents. For every position in life there is an opposite, and the case is no different here. There have been many opponents to free sexual attitudes in the history of man, or at least in the history of the United States.

Some say that pornography for instance, leads to greater violence against women; I am not one of those people. In fact I believe that it is quite the opposite. In the 70’s and 80’s feminists such as Andrea Dworkin claimed that viewing pornography leads to greater sex crimes particularly against women. A lower per capita crime rate as discussed earlier has led not only myself but others to conclude that the availability of porn in European nations such as The Netherlands and Sweden leads to fewer sex crimes, since the repression is nonexistent and there is a medium for healthy males to release sexual feelings in a nonviolent way. (Polinski 2006)

6

There is also evidence that areas in the U.S. where there is limited internet access, in turn leads to a higher incidence of rape. (D’Amato 2006)

There is also the argument that viewing erotic images in any form or engaging in vast amounts of sexual activity will lead to violence. Back in the 1980’s there was a huge debate in this area in relation to heavy metal music. The fact is, that a well psychologically rounded individual who views erotic images understands the line between what is on display and what is a social norm. However, those with already existing or predisposed tendencies toward violence will likely be affected by these images in a negative way; thus the problem lies with the individual and not with the art form.

Conclusion

Sex is a beautiful and natural occurrence; to ignore this fact would be unnatural. Of course, there are sociological norms that must be dealt with and considered before engaging in any sexual practice. The point of this paper is to try and bring to light my point that sexual freedom and expression is not dirty, should not be looked down upon, and should be cherished. Europeans had the right idea from the beginning, and it seems as if at least some of their practices are making ripples (not waves as of yet) here in America. I truly believe that with open sexuality comes fewer hate crimes, sex crimes, violent crimes and rapes.

In addition, open sexuality actually gives women more power than inhibits them from it, and brings a more level playing field to the sexes. The female orgasm is a phenomena and we have only tapped the surface as of yet; no pun intended. Female sexuality (female orgasm and ejaculation especially) is, in my opinion, an area that I just may make my career, since it encompasses so many things and is still so much a mystery. I look forward to it all

References

Pornography, rape and the internet. Retrieved on 2007-03-12.

D'Amato, Anthony (June 23, 2006). Porn Up, Rape Down. Retrieved on 2007-03-12.

http://www.durex.com/uk/globalsexsurvey/2005results.asp Retrieved on 2007-03-12.

DON'T STRESS

Thesis Statement: Prevention is the key to alleviating, if not eliminating many of societies woes such as, drug addiction, abuse and violence of all kinds, and physiological ailments and desease.

Introduction

In many cases, as I will illustrate later based on empirical data, the stress that humans suffer, and the consequences thereof, are created subconsciously and can be a thing of the past with proper techniques in self awareness and meditation. This is nothing new to the world; however it is new to Western medicine. The work of Freud in the early 1900’s is regared as many as the birth of psychology. In contrast many of Freud’s “discoveries” had already been in existence for over 2500 years.

An introduction and knowledge of these ancient concepts will enable the human populus to prevent any stress related phenomenon, and consequently achieve a calm and peace within themselves, regardless of any social situation or atmosphere. The power always begins and ends within. Grasping this concept is the key that will unlock the door to universal enlightenment.

Physiological Changes

I will begin by delving directly into the long documented benefits on physiology in relation to meditation of all styles, since I want to establish a concrete platform on which to build my own thesis. In addition, I would like to dispell any doubts from individuals who may not want to believe.

To begin, a relatively brief history of meditation is in order before the physiological effects are discussed. In all likelihood, meditation as humans have come to know it today started in India about 2500 years ago by a young man named Siddhartga Gautama (The Buddha).

Perhaps the most powerful and beautiful aspect of Buddhism is how it has taken the shape of the container that has held it in each place it has settled. A bowl can be narrow and tall or wide and short, simple or ornate, yet hold its contents well. Inevitably, Buddhism has also changed the vessel, and this transformation was no more evident than when Buddhism reached China and spread to Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. The practices of Buddhism as they existed in India and were transmitted southward to countries like Sri Lanka and Thailand probably resemble their origins more closely today than they do in the countries of the northern transmission (Smith, 2000).

Research shows that Western awarness of this phenomena has only occurred in the past 35 years or so. Since then however, there have been great strides in knowing more.

By itself, meditation is an effective treatment for reducing stress (Benson, 1995; Calderon & Schneider, 1999; Kulkarni, 1998; Shapiro, et al., 1998; Walton, et al., 1995). These factors may be instrumental in explaining the reports that meditation can improve outcomes of chronically ill patients (Anton, 1999; Davis, et al., 1998; Speca, et al., 2000; Vedanthan, et al., 1998; Young, 1999; Zaza, et al., 1999). One study even reported that Psoriasis patients recovered faster when including a meditation regimen into treatment (Kabat-Zinn, et al., 1998). Meditation has also become a popular tool in psychotherapy as a relaxation technique (eg. Benson, 1978) and to stimulate insight (Shapiro, 1995).

Some of the more popular techniques used in research are transcendental meditation (TM), Hatha yoga, and various forms of the method popularized by Herbert Benson in Studying the "relaxation response" (Benson, 1975). Benson was a real groundbreaker when it came to the true physiological benefits of meditation. Decreases in renal (kidney) and hepatic (liver) blood flow during meditation has been hypothesized as being due to increased muscle, skin, or brain blood-flow demands (Jevning, et al., 1978). Further research found that muscle and skin blood flow did not increase as renal and hepatic blood flow decreased, implicating an increase in blood flow to the brain (Jevning, et al., 1979; Jevning, 1992).

In addition to the work these great researchers, blood pressure has also been documented. Reductions in systolic blood pressure have been observed during experimental sessions (Barnes, et al., 1999; Castillo, et al., 2000; Lee, et al., 2000; Wallace, et al., 1971), as well as for long-term practitioners (Wallace, et al., 1983). One can also look to a distinct brain wave activity during meditation, which does not relate to sleep or dream states. For instance, it should come as no surprise that among the well-documented effects of meditation is the alteration of brain-wave patterns. Dozens of studies have shown an increase in alpha rhythms, which are correlated with a state of relaxed alertness. In addition, numerous studies have shown enhanced synchronization of alpha rhythms among four regions of the brain; right, left, front, and back. This may be an indication of increased coherence of brain-wave activity (Ibid., p. 15-18).

Sleep, rest, and meditation have been compared on EEG, and like other physiological measures, and with few exceptions (Fenwick, et al., 1977), meditation has been found to have its own signature (Banquet, 1973; Farrow, 1982; Herbert & Lehmann, 1977; Jacobs, et al., 1996). For example, long-term meditators in meditative states have been found to produce theta-burst activity, whereas such a phenomenon has not been found in restful or sleeping states (Herbert & Lehmann, 1977).

The relationship between pain and stress can be better understood with the excellent work of Dr. Kabat-Zinn, and how this research has really opened up people’s eyes and hearts to the benfits of meditation and how it relieves stress. Dr. Kabat-Zinn's studies have demonstrated decreases in many kinds of pain in people who had been unresponsive to standard medical treatment. A large majority of the patients in Kabat-Zinn’s studies who were taught to meditate improved, while control groups of similar patients showed no significant improvement. Various related studies have shown improvement in pain from muscle tension, headaches, dysmenorrhea, and other conditions (ibid., p.30).

Another very influential figure in the study of meditation and its inherent health benfits is a man by the name of Deepak Chopra. Deepak Chopra, M.D., is a physician and author who practices TM. Trained as an endocrinologist, he now practices traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine (which emphasizes the use of herbs and meditation) in Massachusetts, and has authored several best-selling, highly influential books on holism, the best-known of which is Quantum Healing. Dr. Chopra also serves on a review panel for the National Institutes of Health Office of Alternative Medicine.

In his book Unconditional Life: Discovering the Power to Fulfill Your Dreams, he provides a set of questions with which to evaluate meditative practices.

"There are any number of important issues to consider when evaluating a form of meditation—above all: Did my mind actually find the silence I was seeking? Was I psychologically comfortable during and after meditation? Did my old self begin to change as a result of having meditated? Is there more truth in my self?"(Chopra)

It is important to note that all of the work these individuals have done are only scratching the surface.

Monetary Issues

A survey showed that the number of Americans who use such therapies rose from about 33 percent in 1990 to more than 42 percent in 1997 (Eisenberg, 1998). In addition, Americans spent over $27 billion on these therapies that year, more than was spent on out-of-pocket expenses for all U.S. hospitalizations. The U.S. government has also increased its financial interest in alternative medicines, increasing available funding for National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) from $2 million dollars in 1993 to 68.7 million in 2000.

Conclusion

All of the above is a combination of information of two articles with all of the necessary points in determining the intrinsic relationship of meditation and its contribution to the well being of humans. There is no doubt that all of this research is in its infancy and as professionals in the filed are aware, this is only scratching the surface. As technology grows and becomes more adaptable, the human species can expect to achieve higher levels of consciousness and awareness with very hard work and dedication.

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Appendix

Creativity can sometimes be a scary thing. True innovators are often laughed at, distained, beaten, killed, and in some cases become legends; the latter maybe the scariest of all if it happens very quickly. Anyway, I think that this course has given me some room to flex my creative muscle and I thank the students and teacher for that.

Without effectiveness, the world would cease to exist, or at least cease to exist in a productive fashion. A nation need not be a world power to achieve this phenomena. Many small villages in Asia and/or Africa use effectiveness and efficiency probably better than most other places on Earth, since they have so little, they do vast amounts with what they are given. However, many spoiled people have many material possessions and do not do much with their lives, and further complain that they do not have more.